Fluoride can reduce dental cavities at concentrations of 0.8 - 1.0 mg/L, but what can occur with doses greater than 2.0 mg/L?

Fluoride is known for its benefits in reducing dental cavities when present in optimal concentrations. When fluoride levels are maintained within the range of 0.8 to 1.0 mg/L, they effectively contribute to dental health. However, exposure to higher concentrations, particularly above 2.0 mg/L, can lead to adverse effects, specifically dental fluorosis.

Dental fluorosis presents as mottling or discoloration of the teeth, which can vary from mild white spots to severe brown stains and surface pitting, depending on the extent of exposure. This condition occurs during the development of teeth when excessive fluoride is ingested, leading to changes in the enamel formation.

In contrast, while staining might occur as a cosmetic issue at times, mottling denotes a specific type of fluorosis due to excessive fluoride intake, making it the more accurate answer in the context of higher fluoride levels. Thus, at concentrations exceeding 2.0 mg/L, the risk of developing dental fluorosis is significant, which is why it is crucial to monitor and manage fluoride levels in drinking water to ensure they remain within safe and beneficial limits.